>>sean easterly: hello, everyone. i'm seaneasterly with the national renewable energy laboratory, and welcome to today's webinar,which is hosted by the clean energy solutions center in partnership with the renewable energypolicy network for the 21st century, also known as ren21, and the partnership on sustainablelow carbon transport. today's webinar is focused on the ren21 renewables 2105 global statusreport with a special focus on transport. and before i begin the presentation, i justwant to mention that the clean energy solutions center does not endorse or recommend specificproducts or services. information provided in this webinar is featured in the solutioncenter's resource library as one of many best practices resources reviewed and selectedby technical experts.
and apologies – i'll get my slides advancingin a second. they have momentarily froze but i'll get those moving in just a moment. andbefore we begin i just want to go over some of the webinar features that you have. so,you do have two options today for audio: you may either listen through your computer orover your telephone. so, if you do choose to listen through your computer, please selectthe "mic and speakers" option in the audio pane. doing so will help eliminate the possibilityof feedback and echo. and if you choose to dial in by phone, please select the telephoneoption, and a box on the right side will display the telephone number and audio pin that youshould use to dial in. if anyone's having technical difficulties with the webinar, youmay contact the gotowebinar's help desk at
888-259-3826, and they can help you out there. and sorry... one moment as i just try to getmy slides unfrozen for you so you can follow along with those. great. i think i have themworking for you now. and so, we do have an exciting agenda preparedfor you today. and as we move through that i'd just like to remind all attendees thatif you have any questions for our panelists, please go ahead and submit those questionsinto the question pane, where we will use those during the question and answer sessionand they will address those. and if anyone is having difficulty viewing the materialsthrough the webinar portal, you will find pdf copies of the presentations at cleanenergysolutions.org/trainingand you may follow along as the speakers present.
also, just reminding – a reminder that afull recording of the webinar and the presentations are also now being posted to the solutionscenter youtube center, where you will find other informative webinars as well as videointerviews with thought leaders on clean energy policy topics. it does take a few days forthe webinar recording to be posted, so please keep in mind that slight delay. and today's is agenda is centered around thepresentations from our expert panelists, christine lins and heather allen. these panelists havebeen kind enough to join us to discuss ren21's flagship report, the renewables 2015 globalstatus report, focusing on its findings related to transport. before our speakers begin theirpresentations, i'll provide a short overview
of the clean energy solutions center initiative.and then, following the presentations, we will have a question and answer session wherethe panelists will address questions submitted by the audience, followed by some closingremarks and a very brief survey for the attendees today. and this slide provides a bit of backgroundin terms of how the solutions center came to be formed. and the solutions center isone of 13 initiatives of the clean energy ministerial that was launched in april of2011 and is primarily led by australia, the united states, and other cem partners. someoutcomes of this unique initiative include support of developing countries and emergingeconomies through enhancement of resources
and policies related to energy access, no-costexpert policy assistance, and peer-to-peer learning and training tools such as the webinarthat you are now attending. and there's four primary to the solutionscenter. the first goal is to serve as a clearinghouse of clean energy policy resources. the secondis to share policy best practices, data, and analysis tools specific to clean energy policiesand procedures. third, the solution center strives to deliver dynamic services that enableexpert assistance learning and peer-to-peer sharing of experiences. and then, the fourthand final goal is to foster dialogue on emerging policy issues and innovation from around theglobe. and the typical primary audience for the solutions center is energy policymakersand analysts from governments and technical
organizations in all countries. but then,they also strive to engage with the private sector, ngos, and also civil society. and this slide gives a brief overview of oneof the marquee features that the solutions center provides, which is its "ask an expert"technical assistance program – the no-cost expert policy assistance. the "ask an expert"program – through the "ask an expert" program, the solutions center has established a broadteam of over 40 experts from around the globe who are each available to provide remote policyadvice and analysis to all countries at no cost. so, for example, if you had a policyquestion in the area of clean transport, we're very pleased to have jane wilkinson, an associatedirector with the climate policy initiative,
serving as one of our experts who could addressthat question. and so, if you have a need for policy assistance in clean transport orany other clean energy sector, we do encourage you to take advantage of this service. andagain, it would be provided to you free of charge. so, if you have a question for ourexperts, please go ahead and submit it through our simple online form at cleanenergysolutions.org/expert.or, to find out how the "ask an expert" service may be able to benefit your work, please alsofeel free to contact me directly: sean easterly at sean.esterly@nrel.gov. and we also inviteyou to spread the word about this service to those in your networks and also your organizationsif they'd like to take advantage of it. so, with that, i'd like to provide some briefintroductions for today's panelists. our first
speaker that we'll be hearing from is christinelins, the executive secretary of ren21. and with over 18 years of experience working inthe field of renewable energy, ms. lins helps convenes international organizations, governments,industry associations, and academic and ngo representatives active in the field of renewableenergy. and then, following christine we will hearfrom heather allen. and heather was the lead reviewer for ren21's renewables 2015 globalstatus report and an international expert on urban public transport, climate change,and sustainable development. heather's career spans both the public and private sector asan independent consultant to the paris process on mobility and climate change, with the non-sustainablelow carbon transport partnership.
and so, with those introductions, i wouldnow like to go ahead and welcome christine to the webinar for her presentation. >>christine lins: thank you very much, sean,and good morning, ladies and gentlemen. i look forward to – or, good afternoon, dependingon where you are. it's my pleasure to welcome you also on behalf of ren21 to the first webinaron global renewable energy development with a focus on transport. this is indeed unique,and i think it really reflects the need for also highlighting how renewed energy can notonly make a difference in the electricity sector but also provides services in the futureincluding the sustainability of transport. a word about ren21: we are a multi-stakeholdernetwork dedicated to the rapid uplink of renewed
energy worldwide. i am happy to announce thatwe just got slocat as a new member of ren21. and as you can see, we have really a coalitionof the willing from both the private and the public sector who work towards renewable energy. what i'm going to present to you today arethe findings of our annual [inaudible] publication, the renewable global status report, whichis the report that is based on a network of over 500 contributors, researchers, and reviewersworldwide providing an overview on industry market [audio dropout], investment trendsin the field of renewable energy, with a focus on distributed renewable energy on developingcountries. and last year, at cop21, a focus on how renewables can be used to change adaptation,so that we can not only contribute to mitigating
climate change but also help countries that– in case of damage. the report covers all renewable technologies.and as i mentioned, not only the power but also the heating and cooling and transportsectors. we also have some information on energy efficiency there because we do believethat the energy that is not consumed is effectively the cleanest one. and when we talk about reachinghigh shares of renewables, it goes without saying that we also need to look at the demandside. we collected a lot of data about the global status of renewable energy, which canbe accessed at the renewable interactive map on our website. and that provides just sortof basic information. so, in a nutshell, the last decade saw reallysubstantial growth in renewable energy that
surpassed expectations. we see global installedcapacity and production from all renewable technologies increase substantially. whenyou, for example, look at my last two lines in the transport sector, production of ethanolfrom – increased from 28.5 billion liters in 2004 to 94 billion liters in 2014. biodiesel,an even bigger increase from 2.4 to 29.7 billion liters. we saw in most technological areas significantcost reductions. and with these –support policies were written around those so thatwe have now over 400 different countries in the world with renewed energy policies andtargets in place. we have many countries that are not only subscribing to some renewableenergy targets but that are really focusing
on a transition of the energy system, especiallyafter the outcome of cop21, where it is clear that renewables are an essential part of thesolution. many countries are already are – and will learn more who's on [inaudible] deployment.and the fact that in 2014 renewables continue to grow against a backdrop of increasing globalenergy consumption and also against the backdrop of declining oil prices is clearly one ofthe signals why they were so prominent also in the discussion also at cop21. you should know that despite rising energyuse, for the first time in four decades, global carbon emissions associated with energy consumptionremained stable in 2014 while the global economy continued to go. and this stabilization wasattributed to increased penetration of renewable
energy and to the appropriateness of energyefficiency. so, we have as listed here many countries in the world embarking on an energymission with renewables. industrialized countries such as germany, denmark, but also emergingeconomies such as china, india, south africa, brazil, and also smaller countries such ascosta rica, chile, mexico, morocco. and i think one of the reasons why this happensis we believe that the costs for many technologies have come down. where do we stand today? about 20% of finalenergy consumption provided by renewable energy. so, you see that we still have a long wayto go when we talk about fully decarbonizing the energy sector, what was effectively agreedin – by over 195 countries at cop21. so,
there is still a long way to go. and the unsecretary general's sustainable energy for all [inaudible] will see a doubling of theshare of renewables by 2013 as an interim objective. in terms of champions, when you look at theworld, the champions in terms of total investment in renewable power and fuels are china, theunited states, japan, uk, germany. however, when you look at investment relative to gdp,you see that this list reads different. you have burundi, kenya, honduras, jordan, anduruguay there. and you see the emerging economies and underdeveloped countries making an effortin [inaudible]_ energy from others. in the power sector – so, as i mentionedinitially, the development of renewable energy
in the power sector was really – or, thedevelopment of renewables was mainly happening in the last decade in the power sector. wehave now about 28% of global power generation of electricity as renewables, and about 23%global electricity demand provided by renewables. that is an average. however, we have situationswhere much more – in denmark, we've got – 40% of total electricity demand was coveredby renewables. we had a day – the 23rd of august last year in germany – where over80% of germany, germans' electricity demands was provided by renewable energy. and yousee that about 60% of all newly-built power plants that are in the renewable space, witha good and rapid increase in power capacity. so, we see that there are bigger shares ofthe [inaudible] renewables in the system.
and of course, one of the solutions to dealwith variability this is [audio dropout]. and so, we see already in some parts of theworld happening the quick spreading of vehicles, and this is definitely something that [audiodropout]. when it comes to heating and cooling, justfor the sake of being complete, the share of renewables is growing, but it's still relativelymodest with about 8%. and when we see that the energy use for heat accounted for abouthalf of total world final energy consumption in 2014, it is clear that we still need togo a long way in this sector. as far as transport is concerned, renewableenergy accounts for an estimated 3.5% of global energy demand for road transport. that isan increase compared to previous years. however,
we also see that the potential there is stillbig. we see that trends – there are trends in the development of gaseous fuels and electricity,and we continue to create pathways for the integration of renewables into the transportsystem. in as early as 2015, china was home to 97% of the world's electric two-wheelersand about 79% of the world's electric buses. at the end of 2015, there were about one millionelectric vehicle in the world. and the forecast from bloomberg – actually, in order to reachthese one million, it took us roughly 20 years. the latest forecast from bloomberg new energyfinance is that the next million will be reached in about 18 months. so, you see a big accelerationof the trend, of the promotion of those electric vehicles. and that goes hand in hand withan increase in [inaudible] renewable energy
technology, as i mentioned. so, here you justsee the development of [audio dropout]. and you see that there were – that the graphis quite exponential. in 2015, about 51 to 55 or 57 gigawatts of solar pv were addedto the system. you see so that the exponential curve continues in the same trend. and wesee that more than 60% of all the pv capacity in operation was added over the past threeyears, with massive increase in asia. similar trends in wind – also, they arequite a substantial increase. and we have similar data for all the different renewableenergy technologies. i'm not going to go take a lot of time to go through the details onthem, just a word on the [inaudible]. of course, renewables are a job promoter: there are about7.7 million people directly or indirectly
employed in this industry. a large chunk inchina; lots of jobs [inaudible]. and in terms of investment, we also see that the developmentof investment, we have a new record in 2015 with $329 billion us dollars that were reportedby bloomberg new energy finance. and what is interesting: for the first time, in 2015,developing countries surpassed the developed economies. so, as you see in the date of 2014where the developed country share was a bit better, now for the first time [audio dropout]. >>sean easterly: hi, christine. i don't knowif – i'm not sure what happened, but your audio seems to be – we seem to be losingyou now. >>christine lins: can you hear me now? better?
>>sean easterly: yes. that's better. thankyou. >>christine lins: okay. good. excellent. so,new trend: more investment in developing countries, emerging companies, than in the [audio dropout].and again, there is major investment in solar and wind. i mentioned at the beginning all of the – therenewables landscape is quite populated. we have over 164 countries with renewable energypolicy targets in place. the majority of the policy instruments are existing in the powersector. however, we have [audio dropout] also in the field of transport flatlined. here,you see that the states and provinces and countries with biofuel mandates have increasedfrom 10 in 2004 to 62 in 2014.
what we think is going to happen in the yearto come is that we are going to see more and more integration of policy instruments, notonly promoting electricity, renewables that are in the electricity sector, but also intransport and in heating and cooling as we move to higher shares of [inaudible]. of course, renewables are also promoted becausewe must not forget that still 15% of the global population lack access to electricity. andthere are distributed renewable energy systems that are in many cases more cost-competitiveand – for example, the off-grid solar pv market in 2014 attracted $64 billion us ofinvestment. so, that already shows that this is an interesting and growing market.
however, what we must not forget is that thebalance between renewable support in the [audio dropout] $82 billion us compared to fossil fuel subsidies, $444 – $544 billionin not even – especially in times when oil prices are low. it should be [audio dropout].so, i think – i tried to demonstrate to you that we've seen that the past five decadeshave really set the wheel in motion for a global transition to renewables. however,there's still a long way to go. we need long-term and stable policy frameworks. we need in thefuture greater attention to the heating and cooling sector and transport. that's why i'mreally excited about today's webinar. and we need to make sure that we really reachthe goal within [inaudible] of renewable [audio dropout] by focusing on distributed renewableenergy markets in developing countries and
also look at the financing. with this, i'd like to thank you for yourattention and hand over to [inaudible]. >>sean easterly: okay. thank you, christine.and we'll go ahead now to heather for her presentation. >>heather allen: hi, yes. good morning. idon't know if you can see my presentation? i – >>sean easterly: yes. we can, but you justwant to go to slide screen – or slide show mode. >>heather allen: okay. okay.
>>sean easterly: yep, so we see your screenin there. and then, you just want to enlarge the powerpoint. >>heather allen: okay. i don't actually seemy screen at all. whoops. okay. now i've got it. okay, that's great, yeah. so, yes, good morning, good afternoon, everyone,wherever you are in the world. and thank you very much, sean and christine, for settingup this webinar so that slocat could be part of it. as mentioned, i am a consultant with slocat,this slightly weird name for the partnership on sustainable low carbon transport. and ihave been working very closely with slocat
in terms of cop21 and the climate change activitieson transport as part of a public-partner partnership called the ppmc – the paris process on mobilityand climate. so, just to clarify a few of these abbreviations and acronyms that we'veheard. and you might be curious a little bit to seewhy i chose this picture as my opening slide – because i wanted to just underline thatwe have a very narrow view on how transport and renewable energy can be used for transport.and of course, this is in bogota, and there they have a ropeway to go from downtown touptown, as it were. and of course, the capacity of something like a ropeway doesn't comparewith a metro, but nonetheless it is a very feasible option for many cities that are eitherwith rivers or with mountains. and you can
see that this actually works extremely welland is much, much cheaper in the end than building a lot of roads – so, increasingthe capacity of roads. and of course, it can be powered by electricity. so, i just wantedto share that with you so that we could – oops – so that we could just kind of open ourminds a little bit on what transport and renewable energies might look like. so, this is a little quick overview on whatthe slocat partnership is. it is really an international partnership that has more than90 members from all the different aspects of transport and those that can influencetransport, including – as mentioned here, the – many of the un organizations and agencies,governments, development banks, ngos, academia,
and others. and we really are trying to federateall these different actors so that there is more of a one voice for sustainable transportand to help change global policies, particularly in the realms of sustainable development andclimate change. and so, here you can see just a few of our supporters. of course, we thankthem very much because without them we can't function. [laughter]. so, the title was "present trends in transport."and really, in transport, for the last 150 years people and goods have been travellingfurther and further, and speed has been the main driver of this need to travel, this needto be mobile. however, we as passengers spend roughly the same time every day on our commute,which is between 40 and 90 minutes, depending
on average where you are. of course, in someplaces it's a lot worse than that. and as consumers, we are demanding more and morein this area. our orders, whether they're made by internet or otherwise, have to bedelivered as quickly as possible. and as business has always said, "time is money." so, thisspeed issue has really driven the trend in transport to deliver more and more transportand for us to go further and further. but we know that this is actually not quitethe reality. the reality looks more like this, where you have congestion, you have pollution,you have people that are really suffering because of the use of fossil fuels in transport. so, yes, the use of fossil fuels. pretty much95 and more percent of transport relies on
fossil fuel for its traction. and this slideshows that the transport emissions are growing at the moment, and if we continue on the presenttrends, this is going to just get worse and worse. transport is just one of the sectorswhere emissions are actually growing the most and the fastest. and as we need to decarbonizeglobally, this obviously will offset any efforts made in other sectors. and the power sectoris making, as christine said, some very good inroads into the reduction of their emissions,particularly in the developed world. but in the developing world, they still have a fewchallenges. but transport really has to somehow embracethis decarbonization aspect if we are actually going to achieve anything like a two degreescenario. this are the scenarios that are
set out by the international energy agency,and this just shows you the bad news for what would be a six degree scenario, which we allknow is certainly not what the planet needs. so, we need to look at – in some way oranother address this issue of an increase of around 60% of transport emissions fromtoday, which is already pretty high, to 2050. but the landscape is actually, i think, extremelypromising. the cop21 for the transport sector was actually a very encouraging agreement.obviously, i think it was very well managed by the french, and this has set the scenefor quite a lot of governments to be able to start this process of change, yeah? weknow that it is going to be very difficult and challenging, but if we don't have theinternational framework to start making these
changes, then nothing is going to happen. what was really important between kyoto andcop21 was that transport was part of – or, is seen as very much part of the energy sector.so, there was nothing really in kyoto that identified transport as being an area, a sectorthat needed special attention. and it was felt very strongly that if you dealt withtransport, then you – sorry, if you dealt with energy, then you would de facto dealwith transport, and the transport emissions would therefore come down. and there is somelogic in that, there's nothing wrong with that – except that in reality it absolutelydid not happen. so, we were extremely encouraged to find thatthe work that slocat and others bridging the
gap started in about 2009 were beginning tobear some fruit. and by cop21, this paris process on mobility and climate was createdprecisely as a private-public partnership to create a stronger visibility around, firstof all, what can be done with transport – and i'll share some of the outputs of that withyou later – and also that transport was not such a fragmented sector and that it couldcome together under the common objective of addressing climate change. and we could putall the different aspects to one side and really show that the transport sector itselfwas ready for change and that we were actually ready to help and partner with governmentsto make this change. so, 2015 set out a very promising landscapefrom an international landscape, and i think
2016 is going to be just as interesting. wehave a major summit coming up in washington which has only, i think, four sectors thatwill be addressed, and transport will be one of them. and this will be held in may. wehave the new urban agenda being set out later on this year in october in quito with habitatiii. we have g20 meetings, and we have at the end of the year, of course, cop21. [note:slide indicates cop22] as christine said, the current share of renewableenergy use in transport is extremely small. so, we need to really work out how we aregoing to increase this, and that's obviously going to help with the emissions. there'ssome obvious strategies for the short and medium term. there are some long-term strategies,of course, but the ones that most people kind
of can quickly understand and quickly embraceis a shift towards using electricity in all its forms – ropeways included, if you rememberthe picture that i had at the beginning in my first slide. typically, for passenger cars.more coming onboard for freight, but that's obviously more difficult, to get heavy dutyvehicle switching over to electricity. we've heard that there are only 46,000 electricbuses in the world. there will be a lot of hybrid vehicles. and there will also be alot of new types of vehicles, that we don't know exactly what they will be. of course,there's a lot of talk now of things like the google car and fully automatic driving, andthese will come onboard and are appropriate in some countries.
christine mentioned the number of companiesthat have biofuel mandates and are mixing with fossil fuel for – with biofuel forvehicles actually works extremely well, with ethanol being in the lead there. and the productionof biofuels is getting better and better. it's moving away from obviously having anyconflict with food, and there are a couple of examples i'll share with you at the end. so, there are a lot of opportunities now,and we have this challenge to somehow decarbonize by nearly 50% by 2030, if we're actually goingto get to the 2050 goals. and so, there are several – obviously, several ways that weneed to be – we need to do this. we need to also accelerate the shift away from fossilfuels for transport.
so, there are three things that really needto happen. the first is that we need to have a willingness and an intention to do so. andwe saw at cop21 that we had 15 climate initiatives, of which two were particularly focused onurban and electric mobility. so, that's just two out of 15, and these 15 came from acrossall the different sectors of transport, including aviation and maritime. so, there is definitelya willingness and intention to make change. we need the international policy framework,which we've just mentioned a few of the aspects – the sustainable development goals thatwere agreed in september, and of course transport as a cross-cutting issue has a lot of impacton those being delivered. and obviously, the climate change agreement from paris. nationalpolicies, of course, are absolutely key to
accelerating this change in transport. fueleconomy standard, the biofuel mix. the use of alternative fuels, their standards as wellis a key thing that needs to be put in place, because in some places you can't actuallyuse some of the alternative fuels because of the lack of harmonization standards. andthese nationally appropriate mitigation actions, many of which have transport at the heartof them, and the ndcs – the national determined contributions, which were asked for priorto cop, where countries would set out even in a skeletal form their plans for shiftingto a low-carbon economy across all sectors. and then, we have very interesting optionsthat countries themselves can take which might not be linked to the international frameworks,such as national climate action plans and
very ambitious plans possibly at city level.you know, there are several countries that we know want to go carbon-neutral by 2030or 2050, and cities that have very strong commitments. now, they're not going to beable to do that – it's quite clear – if they haven't got a low-carbon transport system.paris, i mentioned, and the link of maybe the mayors' declaration in paris, which showsa very strong commitment at the city level, where some 450 mayors signed a declarationto push their cities towards low carbon, is also a great opportunity for transport. andwe see a lot more progressive policies being put into place at city level: low-emissionzones and ultra-low-emission zones will drive people, their consumers, to make sure thattheir vehicles are as clean as possible. and
on the upside, of course, there are incentivesfor that to happen. and then, there is actually a lot of activityin technology-based partnerships. these are either public-private or private-private,and i'll give you a few examples. so, in terms of fuel decarbonization measures,slocat did a very interesting analysis of these intended or now national determinedcontributions and picked out those countries that had chosen transport for some focus.you can find these reports on the slocat website, and the website will be on my last slide,and obviously you can come back to it. so, this just gives you a variety of the kindsof plan measures that were put forward, and the diversity of the countries. so really,whether you are a highly developed rich country
such as canada or new zealand, a medium oremerging country – you know, we have korea that's a very strong emerging country in asia,and you have barbados or mongolia, the marshall islands – these are all looking at whatthey can do with transports. so, it's really very important that the transport sector alsocan share with them what the options are. so, i think that this is very, very encouraging. so, we're talking about spreading the news.one of the big problems when you might have a policy framework that looks at decarbonizingtransport and you really start driving deeper into that, what are you going to do? so, youknow, what can we do? the first thing is: what can we do? and you need to be inspiredas to find out really what is going on in
the world. so, i was personally involved in the 80 dayscampaign, which was led in the 80 days prior to cop21, where we worked with the dutch ministryof environment and infrastructure. and looking across all the different aspects and focusingon – particularly on technology, on partnerships, on policy, freight, and inland waterways,which are all areas that are maybe not so well-documented, we created a list of morethan 110, i think, snapshot case studies from all over the world that are accessible viathe ppmc website on examples of what is going on. and this is being built on for the nextyear, the next 12 months, to have 365 examples on transport and climate change, which willinclude all the 80 days example and more,
including the indcs and the namas that lookat transport. and here, you can – it's more of a database. so, you have case studies inthe 80 days, and the 365 is more of a research database where you can actually search forsome of the aspects that you might like. i have to say: we didn't actually think ofputting a tab on renewables, but maybe we'll change that, christine, and put a search featurearound renewables. but on – in the 365 you can search by region. you can search by focus.so, if you want to know what's going on in passenger aspects or in freight or in a particularmode of transport – rail – whether it's in an urban area or rural area or into countryas well as all the different policy areas – technology, partnerships, as i mentioned,and electric mobility.
so, here are just – luckily, there is justabsolutely too many to mention. there is no limit to our creativity that the human beinghas. this just gives you one or two examples. so, we have the wind-powered railway systemin the netherlands. they are actually in the short term accessing green credits for buyingwind-generated electricity for their railway system, but in the long term they have thevision to actually shift all their electric provision to renewables. we have examplesof second and third generation biofuels made from municipal waste, which again is obviouslya win-win situation where the municipal waste can be turned into biofuel for use in localtransport. the picture on the right is a very interestingexample where this company has managed to
develop a technology where they capture carbonrich gases from steel production and regenerate them into ethanol and methanol. we have anexample which is just one example, but it's a casebook of more than 50 examples of e-mobilityall over the world. hytruck is a freight delivery program using heavy duty vehicles that havebeen specially designed for urban or semi-urban freight deliveries, and that's something fromthe netherlands. we have obviously many city examples such as rotterdam. what's interestingin rotterdam, i think, is not just the electric vehicle focus that they've got, but that theyhave the ambition to shift 50% of their own municipal fleet – so, this is all theirmunicipal cars as well as their waste trucks – by 2018 to electric vehicles. a lot ofdifferent times of testing of biofuels in
marine and aviation. so, that – i can only encourage you to havea look at these two aspects – the 80 days and the 365 – because it really can inspireyou. and i was actually really amazed about what's going on in the world. so, in conclusion, yes, technology and innovation:we need to scale up, obviously, technology transfer, in particular to the developingworld. there is just so much going on in this area that it could be adapted for their needs.there is, i think, this political landscape which is very encouraging. just in davos lastweek, the african development bank launched this power up africa program where they wantto really scale up the access to electricity
for africans, because that's holding backafrican development. and it's led by the african development bank, people like kofi annan,and they really are looking at not only main grid delivery but mini grid and off-grid delivery.so, there is a lot of technology that's going to be needed. and it's all out there, butwe need to transfer it to the right places. obviously, battery research and storage capacityis absolutely key, especially for the transport sector. we need to, as i mention, expand developmentsin biofuels. there are now, you know, many good examples of how we can use things thatwe pretty well just throw out at the moment and convert them into biofuel. and why biofuelis really important, i think, is for transport the best fuel is a liquid fuel. it's the onethat's the easiest to deal with. so, this
connection with biofuels and transport. ofcourse, there's a biogas, and that will remain; cng is used for transport as well. but themajority of transport is connected to a liqueous fuel. obviously, scale up the use of renewableelectricity. and then, there are the policy instruments.we need to have this predictable policy landscape. and we need to have the mandates for the shiftof incentives or disincentives, whichever one you want to call it. as christine mentioned,the subsidies towards fossil fuels need to be shifted towards promoting renewable energies.and there was a lot of talk as well of this phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies at thecop21, so there's a political willingness there. and there was also a political willingnessto put in the – a carbon price, and that
will obviously impact transport considerably. increase of focuses obviously on electricvehicles, and deliver electric vehicles, also, that are appropriate for the developing worldis a key area. and then, the finance piece is obviously very important: to create thesededicated fundings and positive mechanisms to incentivize – and i'm afraid – sorry– there's several spelling mistakes in this slide which i'll fix before it's put on theweb. and then, we need to implement, obviously, these possibilities for local carbon pricingpolicies, of which there are a variety, so it's not just having one carbon price, butin – you know, to finalize. and we need to capture these co-benefits of decarbonizing.we absolutely have to decarbonize the transport
sector. so, thank you for attending and thank youfor listening. these are the – it's my own contact details if you want to contact meafterwards, and the contact details for the ppmc and the 365 as well as obviously forslocat, where you'll find some very useful analysis. there's a briefing paper on renewables,as i mentioned – the indc analysis, as well as our analysis of cop21 around transportand what needs to be done on transport. so, thank you for your attention. >>sean easterly: great. thank you very much,heather and also christine, for the presentations. we'll move ahead now to our question and answersession of the webinar. so, just a reminder
to our attendees: if you do have any questionsfor our panelists today, please go ahead and submit those through the question pane andi can ask those to them right now. and so, we did – the first question thatcame in from one of our listeners in zambia, they noted that with several issues they havea real need for renewable energy sources. however, they have a real capacity problem.they have a need for – to develop more renewable energy technology skill sets. are there anyrecommendations for how they can build capacity in the renewable – so, skill capacity intheir renewable energy sector? >>christine lins: can you remind us againwhere the person who asked the question comes from?
>>sean easterly: from zambia. >>christine lins: from zambia. okay. yes,indeed. i mean, when we talk about renewable energy, we talk also about increasing theskills that – to really build a workforce and... so, what is actually happening is thatthere are a number of training programs out there. irena has a platform that is calledirelp: integration renewable energy learning platform, a [inaudible] of different trainingprograms. there is also a situation that [inaudible]_ is in the process of setting up [inaudible]for renewable energy. [audio distortion] in western africa. the [inaudible]_ center issouthern africa is about [inaudible]_ as well as the one in [inaudible]_.
we have been working in ren21 with these centersto develop a baseline. so, original renewable energy and energy sufficiency data reports,which – okay, the development of these [inaudible] centers will also serve as [inaudible]_. buti agree with the person who asked the question; there is a need in embracing skills and creatingskills locally so that also a local industry is created around the new skills. >>heather allen: yeah, good. could i justalso just remind people that there is the ctcn, the climate technology network that'sbased in denmark? this is a unfccc mechanism that actually countries can request technicalaid. so, it is to do with the transfer of technology. so, if there is a real capacityproblem, countries themselves can actually
request aid on that. but they in general haven'tgot anything much on transport. in other words, the countries themselves don't make that request.so, there are mechanisms that if you ask in the right places you can actually get opportunitiesfor technical assistance to increase the skill sets and to also increase the understandingof what technologies are appropriate for your particular country and needs. >>sean easterly: great. thank you, heather.that actually touched right on our next question, which did ask how technology transfer couldwork through the unfccc. so, that was the climate technology center network, and theydo have a website that you can go out and visit if you'd like to take advantage of someof their services that heather just mentioned.
so, we'll move ahead to the next question.could you speak a little bit about any solar technologies that are available for vehicles? >>heather allen: there's actually quite alot going on in solar for vehicles. obviously, you may have heard of the solar impulse, whichis a plane that's flying around the world based uniquely on solar power. so, there isabsolutely no other kind of power for this. i think that it's a fantastic project to showthe potential of solar, because as we've seen with all that the slides of the takeup ofrenewables and the takeup of technology, once we get it, we get it really pretty quickly.and that hockey stick of a graph, you know, it goes very, very slow, slow, slow, slow,slow-burning, a kind of lead-in to technology
transfer and takeup. and then, once it worksand we get it and we're sure about it, whoosh, then it can really take off. now, at the moment there are a lot of solar-basedsupport opportunities. i mean, you see them all along the motorway in a way that you'dnever saw 10 years ago, where they will provide small off-grid opportunities for either connections– you know, powering, parking meter places where you put the money in. there are someother small off-grid opportunities. but where i see really – oh, and there's also a lotof work going on in buses where there's sort of solar panels that can be used on the roofs.on trains, there's been several tests so far. not yet quite found the right options in that.
but where i see, really, the huge opportunities,is that if we can develop more robust two-, three-, and four-wheeler electric vehicles,particularly for the rural communities, that there can be this virtuous circle that wecan create through mini grids and off-grid solar panels where you can link the mobilitywith the lighting and power needs of small communities and bring that mobility part in.at the moment we're not yet doing that. but that's where i see really some interestingdevelopments and a huge potential for helping the rural community to themselves come outof poverty a little bit, and also stay to in the rural areas. it's really importantthat we somehow curb the exodus from rural communities to the urban areas. as a growingpopulation in the world, we're going to need
food, and we need farmers to make that food,and we need transport for the farmers to transport their goods to market. so, you know, we'vegot to work out this transport piece of that whole rural economy. >>sean easterly: great. thank you very much,heather. and you actually touched on a couple of the other questions that we had. lookingat developing countries and emerging markets, what do you see as kind of the next stepsfor renewable energy transport transition – or, the low-hanging fruits for renewableenergy transport transition? and again, that's focusing in developing countries and emergingmarkets. >>heather allen: well, maybe christine wouldlike to answer that first, and then i'll step
in? >>christine lins: yeah, sure. transfer solutionsin emerging markets – was that the question? >>sean easterly: yeah. and mostly the low-hangingfruits, so i guess kind of the first steps, the easier steps in the transition. >>christine lins: sure. well, i think it'sactually – it is really – when we look in the trends in the sector, it's a mix ofall different options that are needed. there is the need, of course, of city planning.we know that we will – we already have over 70% of the global population living in cities.so, a big need for planning cities in a way, building public transport solutions that areoften not existing. there is of course a – there
will be a big need for increasing public transport,because if we only opt on individual transport, then it's going to be very, very difficult.but then, also, we have – as i said in my presentation, we have the two-wheelers, wherethere is a continual trend towards electrifying them. we also have, of course, the biofuels option.there is some research also going on of second and third generation biofuels. but clearly,what we need to take is we will – the way to will – greenhouse gas emissions of differenttechnologies, and there we just see that biomethane from manure or also electric mobility poweredwith renewables is coming up there on the top. i think also we need to rethink our currentsystem of – or, our current technology is
probably not really needed to have the bigcars, with the two tons driving near individual vehicles, because very often our cars arejust used by one or two people. so, what we are going to see is electric taxis and morepublic transport vehicles emerge more and more. heavy [audio distortion] as being moreadapted to congestion cities. heather also referred to, in her presentation, of the cablecars that we see in some of the – in some of the emerging countries. so, i think it's really a mix of the two.but i think in the emerging economies a big focus should be on the public transport sectorin order really to make a difference on the large scale.
>>heather allen: i can just add to that aswell. i think that the first step really has to be the vision, either at the national levelor at the city level. this is where we've seen the most action and the best examplesand the speediest examples. and so, you know, at the national level there are some – really,some key things that can be done. christine mentioned the kind of limiting the big cars– you know, importing secondhand cars that are only of a low emission standard, a lowperformance standard, just is a no-brainer because these can be adapted. you know, theycan be retrofitted to have a higher performance, but that costs money. but if the nationalgovernments actually really put those policies in place, that will immediately clean up thefleet because you have to start cleaning up
the fleet, and that's the first thing. fueleconomy standards, again, helps cleaning up the fleet. and so, there's sort of push-and-pull mechanismsand policies, and the pull policies are to use where you would be subsidizing fossilfuel use. use those kinds of – phase those out and use that money for pulling in newtypes of vehicle configurations that use renewables in a better way. and obviously, build capacityand the technical capacity and put in the infrastructure. if you build the infrastructurearound a fossil fuel future, then that's the future that you're building yourself intofor the next 30 years. and as christine mentioned – i mean, obviously, i'm a great fan ofpublic transport, but it's also about the
city development and the land use planningand the urban development. it's not entirely about the transport piece. because if youcreate these more compact cities which allow people to walk, use cycles, and use smalltwo- and three-wheelers that are, you know, for short distances already very affordableand very low emission, and if you have high level renewables in your grid, then you'reonto a win-win situation. and many, many developing world countriesdon't realize that actually they have a fantastic opportunity to leapfrog in their transportsituation. because they say, "oh, our transport system is so poor and it's fragmented andthis and that," but actually, they have a great opportunity. and they really shouldbe encouraged to take it.
>>sean easterly: great. thank you both again.we have a pretty specific question on data needs that i'd like to ask you, heather, andthen i'll turn to christine if you have anything to add on it. so, i'll read through it andlet me know if you need to repeat it – need me to repeat anything. so, it asks: "how doyou overcome challenges to move from data established in country national communicationssuch as national defaults –" and they note the ipcc tier one – "to identifying dataneeds for a more thorough analysis at a detailed level in developing countries and where suchinformation can be found?" and that is specifically for the transport subsector that they're askingthat. >>heather allen: okay. so, if i understandit correctly, they're questioning, really,
how do you use what might be internationallyrelevant frameworks for data collection and putting it into what might be more appropriatefor the national use? well, i mean, if you are using default information,then there is something wrong with the fact that the data is not there. so, there hasto be at a national level an investment in data collection. and i have to say that fortransport this is a real bugbear. the problem with us really knowing what's going on intransport is that the level of the data and the quality of the data is very, very fragmented.just to give you one example which the – i don't if the – if it's appropriate to mention,but in many countries you will have a vehicle registration system but you will not havea vehicle end-of-life system. so basically,
the fleet just gets bigger and bigger andbigger because you never see any vehicles exiting the fleet. so, it's really difficultto understand what the fleet looks like because there may be many vehicles actually off theroad. so, you know, there are a lot of – there'sa lot of work that needs to be done at a national level to collect the data. it is a big challenge.i think that the only thing – to give a very short answer to this very precise question– is that every country really needs to engage in collecting accurate and appropriatetransport-related data, because there are many frameworks and ways of collecting it,but using an international framework, whether it's the ipcc or – which is not necessarilydestined for transport data collection – but,
you know, there are oecd guidelines for manyof the transport data collection. but you need to have something that you can comparewith other countries. and then, to go down in the granularity of your data collection,then you do need to actually go into quite some detail. but the good news is, i think, that thereis quite a lot of development in terms of how you collect data. in order to plan a publictransport system you have to have origin and destination data to know what the demand is.well, the ways that we used to do that would be somebody standing on a corner countingvehicles, interviewing people. these days, technology can jump in and produce somethingthat is much more precise. and there is a
lot of, as i said, development in using technologyto understand, really, what the transport situation is. and in terms of the real worldemissions, you know, nobody will not be aware of what vw has experienced in the last threeor four months. and the difference between the real world emission data on transport-relatedemissions and actually the type approval standards and numbers are quite different, and we dosee much more interest in the real world emission data collection. and even just to know thedelta: how wrong are we on this? that is enough. so, we are moving towards real world emissionand transport emission collection. and i see that coming up fairly – yeah, in the verynear future. it's already there, but it's not there everywhere.
>>christine lins: yeah, i mean, and just toadd on to heather's comment: this is a situation about data availability that i think manysectors face. it's the same story in the renewable energy sector. without good data it is verydifficult for policy makers to make the right decisions. so, it's something that – tobe worked on. it's something that is time-consuming and costs money, but there are ways of objectivelycollecting data in our experience. also, when developing the renewable global status reports,we just – to take the approach of relying on data from both the public and the privatesector really helps to draw up the picture. and we have over the last decade developedthis. and so, that's why we are also working now, having a partnership with slocat to probablyalso increasing the strength protection that
we have in [inaudible]. by no means am i sayingthat we are the only ones providing the data, but i think it's really important to connectthe dots and put all the different sources of data out there together in order to bea [audio distortion] very often needed to portray all the different solutions and putpeople who [audio distortion] in touch with each other so that they can learn from alreadymade experiences. >>sean easterly: great. thanks to you bothagain. another question that came in; it's asking: "why don't we see more policies thatlimit countries from exporting secondhand used cars?" they note that developing countriesare becoming dumping grounds for secondhand cars.
>>heather allen: i mean, i think it's quitedifficult to limit exports. but it's quite – it's much easier for countries to limitimports. and if – i know kenya put something in – put a policy in place to limit theimports of poor quality vehicles. and once that market is no longer there, you know,then the export side of it is already changed. so, if they can only export to countries thatwill accept a certain level of emission factors from their vehicles, then those vehicles verylikely will be retrofitted in the countries where they're exported from, if you followwhat i'm trying to say. so, i think that this is where the developingworld has to have a vision and they need to want to make this change in transport. theyare beginning to understand, i think, that
just transport at any cost and as quicklyas possible is not going to actually drive the economic development that they want. youknow, how many cities in the developed world – developing world – has just the mostterrible congestion you can imagine, built up in a very, very short time from a verysmall percentage of the population that can actually afford motorized vehicles? so, they know that they have to address itin some way. and it's a bit of a vicious circle in a way. the quality of fuel, particularlythe quality of diesel, is very low in many developing world countries, with high amountsof sulfur in them. and these work on, you know, euro i, ii, and iii level vehicles.you get to euro iv vehicles and they can't
take the fuel. so, it's – you've got todo something about your fuel quality in order to limit your exports – your imports. so,it's again one of these kind of conundrums where you really have to have the politicalwill to – and understanding that this is a real key issue for the future. and as fleets around the world – if we achievethe levels of penetration of electric vehicles that we need to be able to do in order todecarbonize by 2050, then, you know, this in a way is going to impact all those importand export corridors. if there aren't any old vehicles to export from these developedworld countries to developing countries – and let's face it, an electric car without a decentbattery is not going to be much of a prize
to anybody – i think that this is quitean interesting kind of thought which nobody has really gone in to study very much. >>sean easterly: thank you. and we did haveone quick follow-up to the question on the data collection that was just discussed: "areyou – do you happen to be aware of any namas or indc examples that have already performedthis transformation to real world data collection?" >>heather allen: there's a nama in preparation,and i believe it's in ghana... i think it is in ghana. i can look that up and put itin – send it to you, sean, maybe, and you can send it on or... but yes, i mean, thisis really the way to go, and i can continue a bilateral discussion with that questionor – if you want. but as far as i know,
ghana is the only one that's looking at realworld emissions. there will be, i think, more. the nice thing about real world emission datais that actually you can build it very quickly into a policy program. so, just to give you an example: there istechnology out there that can identify particular vehicles that are polluting – in general,local pollutants. but obviously, that will have – that's that whole combustion cycle.so, they can – you can identify particular vehicles that are polluting beyond the vehicleclass. and you then can identify, obviously, through the registration the owner of thatvehicle. that owner may get a letter to say, "clean up your vehicle. go to the inspectionof maintenance people and get it brought up
to at least the standard that your class ofvehicle is supposed to be at." and then, that can be linked – if that doesn't happen – toobviously fines and whatever. but that whole process can be at least revenue neutral, ifnot revenue positive. and it can really help to clean up the fleet and give a better understandingof how many vehicles in the fleet are just not maintained, so their emissions are noteven at the – are well, well away from any default emission factors that you might beusing. and this is where real world emission standards,i think, and real world emission data collection is really going to pull the punches. at thelocal level, it's going to help clean up local air pollution, and therefore it will alsohelp clean up the co2 emissions as well.
>>sean easterly: thank you, heather. and idid go ahead and put your e-mail back up so that that attendee can reach out to you tocontinue the conversation on that question if they'd like to. so, i'll leave that upfor a minute there and he can take that down and contact you. and so, with that, we are running low on time.we had a number of great questions, and we thank our attendees for that and the panelistsfor addressing those. we do have a brief survey that i'd like to ask our attendees to participatein. we have five questions that can be answered directly in the gotowebinar, so i'm goingto go ahead and put those up now, and we'd just ask you to kindly respond. it just helpsus evaluate and improve for future webinars.
and the first question is "the webinar contentprovided me with useful information and insight." and the second one is "the webinar's presenterswere effective." the third question is "overall, the webinarmet my expectations." and then, a couple of "yes or no" questions for you. so, "do youanticipate using the information presented in this webinar directly in your work and/ororganization?" and the final question for you: "do you anticipate applying the informationpresented to develop or revise any policies or programs in your country of focus?" great. thank you very much for respondingto the survey. and so, on behalf of the clean energy solutions center, i would just liketo once again thank christine and heather
for the presentations and taking the timetoday to join the webinar. and also, to our attendees for their time – we very muchappreciate your attendance. just a reminder to everyone: if you wouldlike to download a pdf version of the slides from today's presentations or listen to therecording of the webinar, we will be posting them to the clean energy solutions centertraining page. that's the first link on the slide that you're seeing. please give us abouta day or two for those to go up there. there's a – it will take us a couple days to getthat posted. additionally, webinar recordings are now being posted on the clean energy solutionscenter youtube page. that link is also provided, or you can get there through the clean energysolutions center page.
we do hold a number of annual webinars withren21 on a variety of topics. we split those webinars up this year based on topics. so,if you go out to the previously held webinars and look for the recordings, you will findother ren21 webinars as well. you can also go out to the ren21 site for more informationon those. and then, finally, i'd just like to remindeveryone about the solutions center "ask an expert" technical assistance program – thefree policy support that we offer. if you have any questions on that, you can e-mailme directly. my information is at the bottom of the slide. or, feel free to go right outto the website and submit any requests that you might have through that simple onlineform. and again, please feel free to share
any of this information with those in yournetworks and organizations. and so, with that, i hope everyone enjoysthe rest of your day. and we hope to see you again at future clean energy solutions centerevents. and this concludes our webinar. >>christine lins: thank you, sean. >>sean easterly: thank you. >>heather allen: thanks a lot, sean. and thanksto the participants.
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